indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to wake up; to sober up; to come to one's senses; to become enlightened
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
dark; gloomy; depressed; dispirited; dark (in colour); dull; ill-boding
startup; booting up; activation; starting (e.g. engine, computer); launch
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
time; (the) hour; favourable time; opportunity; chance
3 o'clock; afternoon snack (eaten around 3 o'clock); three ages of Buddhism (following the death of Gautama Buddha; age of the true law, age of the copied law, and age of the degeneration of the law); three ages of the dharma
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
damn; damn it; feces; excrement; damn; damned; very
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
to tear off; to pluck; to scratch off
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to change (cars or horses); to transfer; to possess; to inspire
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
injury; wound; mistake; accident; loss
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
-ical; -ive; -like; -ish; (something) like; along the lines of
to go to and from (a place); to go back and forth between; to go to (school, work, etc.); to attend; to circulate (e.g. blood, electricity); to be communicated (e.g. thought)
to continue; to keep up; to keep on