indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
slowly; quietly; steadily; soon; momentarily; before long
incident; affair; happening; event
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
in that way; thus; so; so?
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
district; region; the country; countryside; civilian society
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
end; verge; extremity; miss; failure; blank (e.g. lottery ticket)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to go to; to proceed to; to leave for
(another's) daughter; young lady (of pampered upbringing); woman who has never known hardship; naive woman
to become less crowded; to thin out; to get empty; to be hungry
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
carrying (on one's person or in the hand); mobile phone; cell phone
to air; to dry; to drain (off); to drink up; to deprive of a role, job, etc.
to bring; to take (something) along; to fetch; to get
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
please (give me); please (do for me)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
alone; by oneself; on one's own
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity