indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
passage (of time); elapsing; progress; development; transit
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
silence; being silent; quiet; reticence; inaction
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to keep; to preserve; to hold; to last; to endure; to keep well (food)
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
indication; sign; hint; tone (of the market)
to feel; to sense; to experience
every day; daily; day after day; days (e.g. good old days)
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
though; although; be that as it may; nonetheless
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
decisive battle; deciding match; play-off
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to furnish with; to equip with; to prepare for; to make preparations for; to possess (all that is needed); to be endowed with
every place; various places
laying the groundwork; behind-the-scenes maneuvering; consensus-building process; digging around the roots of a tree (before transplanting)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
pregnancy; conception; gestation
the same; the said; likewise
time; season; period; phase; stage
detection (of a plot, fraud, etc.); discovery; coming to light; being uncovered
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do