indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
opening (in a game of go, chess, etc.); early stages; initial phase; outset
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
middle stage; middle phase; middle game; midfield
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
moving (location, with the times, etc.); change; metastasis; spread; transition (e.g. phase transition); transfer (of learning)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
drumming (noise); beating; rapidly; quickly; continuously; one after the other
convenient; handy; useful
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
adventure; venture; venture which is unlikely to succeed; risky attempt; danger
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
depravity; corruption; degradation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
comfort; ease; easy; simple; (economically) comfortable; raku pottery
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
with a clatter; with a rattle; empty; bare; raspy (voice); gravelly; with a gargle
clop clop; rumble rumble; sound of something being boiled
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
highway (esp. one existing from the Edo period); main road; highway (e.g. to success); path (to becoming ...); subdistrict (in China)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
sometimes; at intervals; occasionally; on occasion; from time to time
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
thicket; coppice; brushwood
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
rabbit; hare; coney; cony; lagomorph (esp. leporids)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o