large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryo system)
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
about; roughly; generally; on the whole; completely; quite
dominion; territory; possession
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
the one before last; two generations, etc. previous
king; queen; monarch; the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.); the throne
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ambition; aspiration; sinister designs; treachery
to overflow; to brim over; to flood
character (of a person); personality; disposition; characteristics; nature (of a thing, event, etc.)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
reeking of blood; stinking of blood; bloody (battle, crime, etc.)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
previous generation (e.g. one's parents); family predecessor; predecessor; previous age
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
taking over (e.g. store or family's headship); subrogation; substitution of one person for another (usu. a creditor)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
until now; so far; up to the present
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
to turn toward; to look (up, down, etc.); to face (e.g. east) (of a building, window, etc.); to look out on; to point (of an arrow, compass needle, etc.); to be suited to
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to boast of; to be proud of; to take pride in
military force; military strength
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
to turn towards; to point
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
consequence; outcome; result; blame
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
domestic affairs; internal administration
to not be taken seriously
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do