indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
relatively; comparatively
a family; a household; (one's own) style; school; gang; (yakuza) family
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
of course; certainly; naturally
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
lineage; pedigree; family line; birth
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
noisy; loud; annoying; troublesome; fussy; finicky
typical; representative; archetypal; quintessential; stereotypical; model
image; figure; figure; form; image
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to press against; to push against; to force against; to foist on (task, responsibility); to impose (one's will)
to be raised (e.g. child); to be brought up; to grow (up)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
similarly; same (idea); same (name)
person's origin (e.g. city, country, parentage, school)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner