I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
disliked; hated; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
target; object (of worship, study, etc.); subject (of taxation, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
with a rustling sound; rippling (of a stream, etc.); murmuring; slurping down (ochazuke); quickly and easily (e.g. write a letter); with ease
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to comb upwards; to brush up (a loose strand of hair); to turn up a lamp wick
while; during; while; although; all; both
childhood friend; friend from infancy; old playmate
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to tell; to inform; to announce; to indicate; to signal; to mark
unexpected; unforeseen; inconceivable
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
to grow senile; to be childish with age; to be mentally slow; to be befuddled; to play stupid; to say something stupid (oft. on purpose; esp. as part of a comedic routine)
to raise one's voice; to shout; to yell; to speak up (e.g. in protest); to speak one's mind
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
natural; reasonable; obvious; usual; common; ordinary
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
family; members of a family
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
together; at the same time; same; identical
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
love; love-making; passion; emotion; affections
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
back; reverse; rear side; height; stature; ridge (of a mountain)
low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.); low (position); close to the ground; short (height); deep (voice); in a low key