indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
dark; gloomy; depressed; dispirited; dark (in colour); dull; ill-boding
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to take back; to regain; to get back; to recover
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to send (a thing); to dispatch; to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person); to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury; to spend (time)
royal capital; imperial capital
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
all night long; all through the night
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
first of all; at once; right away; for now; for the time being
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
(please) try to; (please) look; seeing; looking
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
light (i.e. not heavy); feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily); light (i.e. of foot); effortless; non-serious; minor; slight
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to admire greatly; to salute (in admiration); to take one's hat off to
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
noon; midday; daytime; lunch
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to wake up; to sober up; to come to one's senses; to become enlightened