indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
person with a lot of experience; old hand; veteran (in a particular field)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
soldier; combatant; warrior
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
partner (esp. in manzai); companion; partner for the night (e.g. at a brothel)
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
many; numerous; various; large number of
request; commission; entrusting (with a matter); dependence; reliance
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to digest; to break down; to break to pieces; to be able to use; to be good at; to finish; to complete
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
turning point; transition phase
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
investigation; examination; inquiry; enquiry; survey
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
surplus; margin; leeway; composure; placidity; complacency
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
negligence; carelessness; inattention; unpreparedness
structure; construction; makeup; framework; organization; pattern
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
loudly (flinging open a door); with a clatter; with a crash (e.g. of a falling structure); completely (change); utterly; louvre window (door, vent, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
monster; monstrosity; giant; influential figure; monsterlike; over-demanding
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
really; truly; indeed; good grief
nervous temperament; worrier's disposition