book; volume; this; present; main; head
reason; significance; cause; piece of information that one has heard; I hear that ...; it is said that ...
teahouse; (Edo period) rest stop; (geisha) teahouse; establishment where patrons are entertained by geisha; tea house (that sells tea); tea dealer
companion; follower; attendant; retinue
exchange (e.g. cultural); interchange; interaction; alternating current; AC
testing; experiment; test; examination; exam; trial
to look after (often medically); to take care of
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
business; task; use; purpose; for the use of ...; used for ...
request; invitation; privilege in criminal law given to nobles of the fifth rank or above (ritsuryo system)
commerce; trade; business
han; fan; unit that doubles the score of a hand
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
certain; one; (arch.) I; (arch.) me
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
school; proof (of a book, document, etc.); counter for proofs
opposite; opposition; versus; vs.; to (e.g. "winning a game five to three"); equal footing
axis; shaft; center; centre; stalk; stem
latter period; second half; late stage; third trimester; second semester
frequent; densely packed; thick
action of making something; -ification
insect; bug; worm; roundworm; one's emotions; one's feelings; nervousness
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to resound; to be heard far away; to reverberate; to shake; to come (home); to remain (with someone)
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
as far as the eye can see
rubbish; trash; garbage; refuse
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)