indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
3 o'clock; afternoon snack (eaten around 3 o'clock); three ages of Buddhism (following the death of Gautama Buddha; age of the true law, age of the copied law, and age of the degeneration of the law); three ages of the dharma
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
layer; stratum; class; stratum; sheaf; counter for stories (of a building)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
half; semi-; half-past; odd number; (arch.) unit of land area (595.8 m^2)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
enjoyment; pleasure; diversion; anticipation; looking forward to
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
one's common name; one's popular name; alias; house name
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to spread; to be propagated
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
serious; not joking; straight
whole face; all over one's face
sumi; India ink; squid ink; octopus ink; carpenter's inking string
full of (e.g. mistakes); riddled with; covered all over with (blood, mud, etc.)
what did you just say (to me)?; what's that?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
thank you for your hard work; good work; see you; goodbye; goodnight
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker