one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
volume (of book); reel (of film); scroll (of books or paintings); roll (paper, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Awa (former province located in the south of present-day Chiba Prefecture)
foxtail millet (Setaria italica); Italian millet (also Hungarian, German)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
knowledge; awareness; consent; acceptance; forgiving; pardoning
avenue; street; coming and going; street traffic; flow (of water, air, etc.); transmission (of sound); reach (e.g. of voice)
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
Shinano (former province located in present-day Nagano Prefecture and parts of Gifu Prefecture)
Echigo (former province located in present-day Niigata Prefecture)
class; order; et cetera; etc.; equal; iso-
800; eight hundred; multitude; large number
inside and outside; interior and exterior; inside and outside the country; home and abroad; around; about
square measure; size (e.g. of land); area; surface
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to have; to possess; to own; to be endowed with
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to stand in a line; to stand in a row; to be equal
(a) little; (a) few; slight; only; just; merely
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
no more than; just; only; mere; goes no further than
pity; sorrow; pitiable; pitiful; alack; alas
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
rather; better; instead; if anything
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
Iki (former province located on Iki Island in present-day Nagasaki Prefecture); Iki (island)
chic; smart; understanding; considerate; familiar with worldly pleasures (esp. sexual relations, geisha districts and red-light districts)
all sides; the four cardinal directions and the four ordinal directions; large hanging lantern
village; hamlet; countryside; country; home (of one's parents, etc.); hometown
half; semi-; half-past; odd number; (arch.) unit of land area (595.8 m^2)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
brush tip; first on a list; head; chief
Oki (former province located on Oki Island in present-day Shimane Prefecture); Oki (island)