first of all; to begin with; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
need; want; necessity; costs; expenses
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
dense; thick; close (relationship); intimate; minute; fine
delivery of packages; postal service
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to decide; to determine; to establish; to lay down; to bring peace (to); to make peaceful
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
express messenger; postman; mailman; courier
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
system; institution; organization; organisation
to stand up; to put up; to thrust into; to bury into; to make (a noise); to start (a rumour); to make
compilation (esp. dictionary, history, law code); editing
maliciousness; ill will; noxious gas; (arch.) (vengeful) ghost; (arch.) specter
clerk; (bureau, post-office) staff
mail service; postal service; mail; mail; postal matter; postal items
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
adds force or indicates command
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Ministry of Finance (1869-2001); Ministry of the Treasury (under the ritsuryo system)
revision; amendment; alteration
charge; duty; person in charge; official; clerk
to start (something); to start up; to boot (a computer); to launch (a business)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to stick out too much; to protrude too far; to be too strong (e.g. of tea); to be too forward; to be too assertive; to be pushy
imitating; copying; mimicry; behavior; behaviour; action
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to smash; to crush; to shut down; to put out of business; to wreck; to break; to butcher
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
exemplar; model; example; pattern
Iwakura Tomomi (1825-1883)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
than; from; out of; except; but; more
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...