black ships; Western ships that came to Japan between the 16th and 19th centuries, esp. those of the Perry Expedition in 1853; foreign disruptor (of the Japanese market); product, person, etc. arriving from the West and disturbing the Japanese market
halo; hello; hallo; harrow
really; very; extremely; (not) anything; (not) at all; (not) a bit
at that time; at that moment; then; on that occasion
the East; the Orient; (East) Asia; Japan
about; roughly; generally; on the whole; completely; quite
end; tip; end (of the year, month, etc.); close; youngest child; descendants; offspring
at that time; in those days
1,000,000; one million; million; many
to vitalize (e.g. an industry); to invigorate; to energize; to establish (e.g. a company); to build up; to set up
thousands; several thousand
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
every region of the country; all corners of the country; nationwide
Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)
average; medium; mid-grade (item); regular grade; same level as; equal to
difference; distinction; discrepancy; mistake; error
easy; likely to ...; have a tendency to ...; easy to ...
technology; engineering; technique; skill; art; craft
guidance; leadership; instruction; shido (disciplinary action for a minor infringement of the rules of judo)
rational; reasonable; logical
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
way of the sword; swordsmanship
unbroken; uninterrupted; on and on; continuous
to inherit; to succeed; to take over
news; word; tidings; omen
Edo Castle (residence of the Shogun during the Edo period, now the site of the Tokyo Imperial Palace)
information; making a report (to a superior)
arrival of ships (from abroad); arrival by ship
anchorage; anchoring; mooring
dozens; scores of; decades
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
king; queen; monarch; the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.); the throne
I'm told; is what I heard; is how it is, apparently; is what they said
to make something one's own; to appropriate for oneself
magistrate; shogunate administrator
correspondence (to); equivalence; suitability; coordination; dealing with; coping with
in the meanwhile; during the time
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
measure; step; countermeasure; counterplan; countermove; strategy
to play for time; to use delaying tactics