indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
through; throughout; through (the good offices of); by way of
trial; judgement; judgment
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
defense; defence; pleading; advocacy
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
innocence; guiltlessness; absence of the fact; insubstantiality; (arch.) insincerity; (arch.) dishonesty
proof; testimony; demonstration; verification; certification
wound; injury; accident; assault; inflicting bodily injury
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be caught; to be arrested; to hold on to; to grasp; to find (e.g. proof); to get (e.g. a taxi)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
to stub out (e.g. a cigarette); to crush out; to smother (fire); to hush up; to cover up; to stifle
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
oak tree; (arch.) imperial palace guard
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone
record; minutes; record (e.g. in sports); results; to record; to document
arrival (of post, news, correspondence, etc.); receiving (a phone call, email, etc.)
five; five years of age; eight o'clock (old time system)
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
public telephone; pay phone
useless; vain; aimless; idle
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
judgment; judgement; divination; judgement
to make a decision; to draw a conclusion; to give a judgement; to hand down a verdict; to let go down; to lower; to do oneself
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic