to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
imitation; fake; phony; pseudo-
police officer; policeman; constable
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
how many people; a number of people
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
resident of Tokyo; citizen of Tokyo; Tokyoite
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
special duty; being in sole charge of a duty; senior managing director; executive director
in that way; thus; so; so?
rapid succession (e.g. questions)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
question; inquiry; enquiry
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
Beijing dialect (of Mandarin); Pekingese
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
I see; that's right; indeed
China; Chūgoku region (western part of Honshu comprising the prefectures of Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Tottori and Shimane); central part of a country; main region; province of the second lowest rank (ritsuryo system)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
perhaps; probably; generous; many; much
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question