indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
second year of high school; second-year high-school student
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
youth; springtime of life; adolescent
right in the midst of; right at the height of
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
this world; this life; world of the living
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
birth; creation; formation
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
senior high school; high school
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
future (usually near); prospects
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to keep; to preserve; to hold; to last; to endure; to keep well (food)
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at that time; in those days
yearning; longing; aspiration; adoration; admiration
fifth month of the lunar calendar; satsuki azalea (Rhododendron indicum)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to associate with; to keep company with; to go out with; to go along with; to follow someone's lead; to accompany someone
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
granny; grandma; gran; old lady; old woman
to fall (over, down); to collapse; to be destroyed (in a collapse); to collapse; to be confined to bed (with an illness); to come down with; to die
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
impure; adulterated; foul; mixed; dishonest
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...