Heisei era (1989.1.8-2019.4.30)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one day; (on) a certain day
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
Warring States period (of Japanese history, approx. 1467-1568 CE); Sengoku period; Warring States period (of Chinese history, 403-221 BCE); era of vicious competition
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
fine food; high-quality food; gourmet; epicure; gastronome
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
country in civil war; country disarrayed by war; Warring States period (Japan, China); competiton in which there are several evenly-matched participants; hotly-contested game (match, market, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to live through; to survive
grand; heroic; sublime; fierce
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
designation; specification; assignment; appointment; pointing at
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
Akechi Mitsuhide (1528-1582.7.2)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
mansion; palace; (arch.) nobleman; (arch.) noblewoman; (arch.) cabin (on a boat, carriage, etc.)
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
audience (with a superior, e.g. nobility)
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
to put in order; to arrange; to get ready; to prepare; to work out (e.g. business deal); to arrange (e.g. marriage)
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
custom; practice; said; aforementioned; instance; example
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to obtain; to come into possession of; to get hold of; to get one's hands on
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...