oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
instructor; (fencing) teacher; model
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
English book; book written in English
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
extremely important; essential; vital; crucial
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
closely (packed, lined up, etc.); tightly; densely; (work) sufficiently
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
gate; branch of learning based on the teachings of a single master; division; phylum; counter for cannons
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to furnish with; to equip with; to prepare for; to make preparations for; to possess (all that is needed); to be endowed with
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
form; shape; figure; appearance; phenomenon
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
long (time that has passed); old (story)
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to resemble; to look like; to be like; to be alike; to be similar; to take after
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
Western learning (introduced to Japan in the late-Edo and early-Meiji eras)
to plan; to intend; to aspire to; to set aims (sights on)