what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that way; that direction; that (one); that person; there; over there
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
inhabitant; resident; citizen; population
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
April; fourth month in the lunar calendar
twentieth day of the month; twenty days
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
ward; borough; city (in Tokyo); district (e.g. electoral); section; zone (e.g. postal)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
mountain; vicinity of a mountain
appeal to a higher court; intermediate appeal
accused; defendant; prisoner at the bar
Heisei era (1989.1.8-2019.4.30)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
half; semi-; half-past; odd number; (arch.) unit of land area (595.8 m^2)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Tokyo Metropolis (prefecture); Tokyo metropolitan area
district of a town; city block (of irregular size)
number one; first; best; most; game; round
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
whereabouts; place where one is; position; location
condominium (usu. mid or high-rise); apartment building; apartment house; block of flats; apartment; flat
suffix for room numbers; suffix for apartment numbers
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
household (electrical) appliance manufacturer; consumer-electronics maker; white goods maker
planning; project; plan; design
development; exploitation
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
section manager; section chief