indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
competition; rivalry; something worth doing
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be needed; to be wanted
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
draw; tie; quits; even; square
betrothal; wedding; marriage into a family; adoption
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to tear; to rip; to break through (cordon, opponent's defense, etc.); to breach; to defeat; to beat; to break (e.g. silence)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
Osaka-Kobe; Hanshin (company name: railway, dept. store, baseball team, etc.)
special; particular; peculiar; unique
to lend; to loan; to rent out; to hire out
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
parallelism; running parallel (to, with); running concurrently; occurring at the same time; not reaching an agreement (e.g. of a debate)
main; principal; main dish; main course; main part; principal part
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
should; must; -able; probably; likely
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
by all means; by all costs
abdomen; belly; womb; one's mind; one's real intentions; courage; nerve
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone