Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
more and more; all the more; at last; finally; (at the) last moment; worst possible time
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
to play a leading role; to play a central part
Bakumatsu period; closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate; end of the Edo period
Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
activity (esp. energetic); great efforts; conspicuous service; to flourish; to participate actively; to play an active role
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
imperial loyalist samurai of the Bakumatsu-era; patriots; idealists willing to sacrifice themselves for the good of the nation
producing (people) in great numbers; appearing one after the other
Nagasaki (city, prefecture)
to pass; to elapse; to pass through; to go through; to experience; to go through
land near a castle; castle town
investigation (e.g. by police or prosecutors); examination; inquiry; enquiry
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
obligation; duty; charge; responsibility
to take (seat, position, course, office, etc.); to assume; to ascend (the throne); to accede; to start (on a journey); to commence
Dutch studies; studies of Western knowledge
lowly people (Edo period); eta
smallness; small item; short month (i.e. having fewer than 31 days); elementary school; smaller (of two things, places, etc. with the same name); inferior; younger (of two people with the same name)
lodging; boarding; boarding house; school dormitory
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
side; edge; beside; while (doing); in addition to; at the same time
(practical) experience; personal experience; hands-on experience; first-hand experience
account; history; chronicle; Kojiki; Records of Ancient Matters
the West; the Occident; Western countries
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
technology; engineering; technique; skill; art; craft
introduction; presentation; referral; listing
Japanese person; Japanese people
to shift one's attention to; to shift one's focus on
chance; start; cue; excuse; motive; impetus
to be born and raised (in); to be born and brought up; to be born and bred
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
style; manner; way; after (period of time) again (e.g. meeting again after a year); for the first time in (period of time)
another meeting; meeting again; reunion
important post; important office; key position
to collect (debts); to dun; to appoint; to promote; to emphasize; to focus on