indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to roll up; to enfold; to swallow up; to involve; to drag into
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
devil; demon; Satan; the Devil; Māra; evil spirits or forces that hinder one's path to enlightenment
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
formidable enemy; strong enemy; tough enemy
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
participation; joining; entry; adherence
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to trick; to cheat; to deceive; to coax; to wheedle; to soothe and humor (humour)
natural; right; proper; naturally; as a matter of course; rightly
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
(one's) whereabouts; destination; where one is headed; outcome; course (of events); future
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to entrust (a matter) to; to leave to; to abandon oneself to (e.g. pleasure); to yield to (e.g. anger); to devote oneself to
to be added to; to be appended; to join in (e.g. a group of friends); to participate; to increase (e.g. heat); to gain in (e.g. influence)
at once; immediately; right now
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me