indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
complete; completion; perfection; accomplishment
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
education; schooling; training; culture; cultivation; education
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
should; must; -able; probably; likely
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point (in geometry)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be erected; to be built
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
counter for houses, households, apartments, etc.
Bushido; samurai code of chivalry
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
that; he; she; that person
loss (of something); disadvantage; mistake; error; flaw; defect
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
benefit; use; good; profit; gains
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
(arch.) it is not so; no; never mind
unevenness (of colour, paint, etc.); irregularity; unevenness (of quality, results, behaviour, etc.); inconsistency; fickleness; capriciousness
secret (method, trick, etc.); key (e.g. to success); mysteries (of an art, trade, etc.); recipe; trick
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
how long; how far; how much
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing