box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
new face; newcomer; rookie; modern humans (from Cro-Magnon man onwards)
training (esp. in-service); induction course
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
factory; plant; mill; workshop
myself; yourself; I; me; you
in comparison to; rather than
clear; obvious; evident; bright; light
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
will; probably; may; I think; surely; I hope
prison officer; corrections officer; penal officer; prison guard; jailor; warder
in the morning; during the morning
work; operation; manufacturing; fatigue duty
inspection; study by observation; field trip; sitting out (e.g. PE class)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...
indication; denotation; designation; instructions; directions
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
being in charge (of an area of responsibility); being responsible (for a work role, etc.)
stand; rack; support; holder; counter for machines, incl. vehicles; setting (e.g. in jewellery); level (e.g. price level)
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
to line up; to stand in a line; to rival; to match; to equal
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)
to match (rhythm, speed, etc.); to join together; to unite; to face; to be opposite (someone); to compare; to check with
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like