origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to pick up; to find; to gather
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
tortoise; turtle; heavy drinker; turtle crest; turtle mon
paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa); empress tree; foxglove tree
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
kind; gentle; considerate; generous; friendly; nice
saucepan; pot; stew; hot pot
furnished with; including; attached to; impression; appearance; luck; sociality
lidded; covered; container with a lid
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
to take down; to bring down; to drop off (a passenger); to let off; to withdraw (money); to use for the first time; to wear for the first time
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
heave-ho; oops; yes; yeah
sorry to bother you, but ...
to turn over; to turn upside down; to knock over; to tip over; to overturn (e.g. a decision); to upset
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to shake; to jolt; to rock (cradle); to swing
(cute) suffix for familiar person; cute adjective form
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
(lying on one's belly and) basking in the sun; sunbathing (e.g. on a beach)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.